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    Original Research

    FLAIR*: A Combined MR Contrast Technique for Visualizing White Matter Lesions and Parenchymal Veins

    Published Online:Dec 1 2012https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12120208

    Abstract

    FLAIR* is an MR imaging contrast technique that combines the advantages of cerebrospinal fluid–suppressed T2-weighted imaging and T2*-weighted imaging, yielding images that provide high contrast for white matter (WM) lesions and veins in the brain and that are well suited to routine imaging of WM diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, in a clinical setting.

    Purpose

    To evaluate a magnetic resonance (MR) imaging contrast technique, called FLAIR*, that combines the advantages of T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) contrast and T2*-weighted contrast on a single image for assessment of white matter (WM) diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS).

    Materials and Methods

    This prospective pilot study was HIPAA compliant and institutional review board approved. Ten patients with clinically definite MS (eight men, two women; mean age, 41 years) provided informed consent and underwent 3.0-T MR imaging. Images from a T2-weighted FLAIR sequence were combined with images from a T2*-weighted segmented echo-planar imaging sequence performed during contrast material injection, yielding high-isotropic-resolution (0.55 × 0.55 × 0.55 mm3) FLAIR* images. Qualitative assessment was performed for image quality, lesion conspicuity, and vein conspicuity. Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was calculated to compare normal-appearing WM (NAWM) with cerebrospinal fluid, lesions, and veins. To evaluate the differences in CNR among imaging modalities, a bootstrap procedure clustered on subjects was used, together with paired t tests.

    Results

    High-quality FLAIR* images of the brain were produced at 3.0 T, yielding conspicuous lesions and veins. Lesion-to-NAWM and NAWM-to-vein CNR values were significantly higher for FLAIR* images than for T2-weighted FLAIR images (P < .0001). Findings on FLAIR* images included intralesional veins for lesions located throughout the brain and a hypointense rim around some WM lesions.

    Conclusion

    High-isotropic-resolution FLAIR* images obtained at 3.0 T yield high contrast for WM lesions and parenchymal veins, making it well suited to investigate the relationship between WM abnormalities and veins in a clinical setting.

    © RSNA, 2012

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    Article History

    Received January 25, 2012; revision requested March 1; revision received April 5; accepted May 11; final version accepted May 22.
    Published online: Dec 2012
    Published in print: Dec 2012