Elastography Assessment of Liver Fibrosis: Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference Statement

Published Online:Jun 16 2015https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2015150619

Abstract

The literature indicates that elastography techniques can be used to distinguish patients with no or minimal fibrosis (METAVIR stages F0 and F1) and differentiate them from those with severe fibrosis or cirrhosis (METAVIR stages F3 and F4) with no need for biopsy in these groups unless there are other factors that would lead to biopsy, such as risk of acute flares in chronic hepatitis that would not be appropriately assessed noninvasively.

The Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound convened a panel of specialists from radiology, hepatology, pathology, and basic science and physics to arrive at a consensus regarding the use of elastography in the assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease. The panel met in Denver, Colo, on October 21–22, 2014, and drafted this consensus statement. The recommendations in this statement are based on analysis of current literature and common practice strategies and are thought to represent a reasonable approach to the noninvasive assessment of diffuse liver fibrosis.

^© RSNA, 2015

Online supplemental material is available for this article.

References

1. Marcellin P, Gane E, Buti M, et al. Regression of cirrhosis during treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for chronic hepatitis B: a 5-year open-label follow-up study. Lancet 2013;381(9865):468–475. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
2. Carrión JA, Navasa M, García-Retortillo M, et al. Efficacy of antiviral therapy on hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation: a randomized controlled study. Gastroenterology 2007;132(5):1746–1756. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
3. Martinez SM, Foucher J, Combis JM, et al. Longitudinal liver stiffness assessment in patients with chronic hepatitis C undergoing antiviral therapy. PLoS ONE 2012;7(10):e47715. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
4. Seeff LB, Everson GT, Morgan TR, et al. Complication rate of percutaneous liver biopsies among persons with advanced chronic liver disease in the HALT-C trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8(10):877–883. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
5. Stotland BR, Lichtenstein GR. Liver biopsy complications and routine ultrasound. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91(7):1295–1296. Medline, Google Scholar
6. Regev A, Berho M, Jeffers LJ, et al. Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97(10):2614–2618. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
7. Goodman ZD. Grading and staging systems for inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2007;47(4):598–607. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
8. Muthupillai R, Lomas DJ, Rossman PJ, Greenleaf JF, Manduca A, Ehman RL. Magnetic resonance elastography by direct visualization of propagating acoustic strain waves. Science 1995;269(5232):1854–1857. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
9. Barry CT, Hah Z, Partin A, et al. Mouse liver dispersion for the diagnosis of early-stage fatty liver disease: a 70-sample study. Ultrasound Med Biol 2014;40(4):704–713. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
10. Boursier J, Zarski JP, de Ledinghen V, et al. Determination of reliability criteria for liver stiffness evaluation by transient elastography. Hepatology 2013;57(3):1182–1191. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
11. Friedrich-Rust M, Romen D, Vermehren J, et al. Acoustic radiation force impulse-imaging and transient elastography for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis and steatosis in NAFLD. Eur J Radiol 2012;81(3):e325–e331. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
12. Barry CT, Mills B, Hah Z, et al. Shear wave dispersion measures liver steatosis. Ultrasound Med Biol 2012;38(2):175–182. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
13. Carstensen EL, Parker KJ. Physical models of tissue in shear fields. Ultrasound Med Biol 2014;40(4):655–674. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
14. Machado MV, Cortez-Pinto H. Non-invasive diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. A critical appraisal. J Hepatol 2013;58(5):1007–1019. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
15. Sarvazyan A, Hall TJ, Urban MW, Fatemi M, Aglyamov SR, Garra BS. An overview of elastography—an emerging branch of medical imaging. Curr Med Imaging Rev 2011;7(4):255–282. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
16. Singh S, Eaton JE, Murad MH, Tanaka H, Iijima H, Talwalkar JA. Accuracy of spleen stiffness measurement in detection of esophageal varices in patients with chronic liver disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;12(6):935–945, e4. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
17. Tanter M, Fink M. Ultrafast imaging in biomedical ultrasound. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2014;61(1):102–119. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
18. Xu J, Tripathy S, Rubin JM, et al. A new nonlinear parameter in the developed strain-to-applied strain of the soft tissues and its application in ultrasound elasticity imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 2012;38(3):511–523. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
19. Fahey BJ, Nelson RC, Bradway DP, Hsu SJ, Dumont DM, Trahey GE. In vivo visualization of abdominal malignancies with acoustic radiation force elastography. Phys Med Biol 2008;53(1):279–293. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
20. Garra BS. Elastography: current status, future prospects, and making it work for you. Ultrasound Q 2011;27(3):177–186. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
21. Goenezen S, Dord JF, Sink Z, et al. Linear and nonlinear elastic modulus imaging: an application to breast cancer diagnosis. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2012;31(8):1628–1637. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
22. Itoh A, Ueno E, Tohno E, et al. Breast disease: clinical application of US elastography for diagnosis. Radiology 2006;239(2):341–350. Link, Google Scholar
23. Nightingale K. Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging: a review. Curr Med Imaging Rev 2011;7(4):328–339. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
24. Bamber J, Cosgrove D, Dietrich CF, et al. EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. Part 1: Basic principles and technology. Ultraschall Med 2013;34(2):169–184. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
25. Deffieux T, Gennisson JL, Larrat B, Fink M, Tanter M. The variance of quantitative estimates in shear wave imaging: theory and experiments. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2012;59(11):2390–2410. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
26. Doherty JR, Trahey GE, Nightingale KR, Palmeri ML. Acoustic radiation force elasticity imaging in diagnostic ultrasound. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2013;60(4):685–701. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
27. Zhao H, Song P, Urban MW, et al. Bias observed in time-of-flight shear wave speed measurements using radiation force of a focused ultrasound beam. Ultrasound Med Biol 2011;37(11):1884–1892. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
28. Rouze NC, Wang MH, Palmeri ML, Nightingale KR. Parameters affecting the resolution and accuracy of 2-D quantitative shear wave images. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2012;59(8):1729–1740. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
29. Venkatesh SK, Ehman RL. Magnetic resonance elastography of liver. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2014;22(3):433–446. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
30. Venkatesh SK, Yin M, Ehman RL. Magnetic resonance elastography of liver: technique, analysis, and clinical applications. J Magn Reson Imaging 2013;37(3):544–555. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
31. Wang QB, Zhu H, Liu HL, Zhang B. Performance of magnetic resonance elastography and diffusion-weighted imaging for the staging of hepatic fibrosis: A meta-analysis. Hepatology 2012;56(1):239–247. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
32. Huwart L, Sempoux C, Vicaut E, et al. Magnetic resonance elastography for the noninvasive staging of liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology 2008;135(1):32–40. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
33. Oudry J, Chen J, Glaser KJ, Miette V, Sandrin L, Ehman RL. Cross-validation of magnetic resonance elastography and ultrasound-based transient elastography: a preliminary phantom study. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009;30(5):1145–1150. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
34. Shire NJ, Yin M, Chen J, et al. Test-retest repeatability of MR elastography for noninvasive liver fibrosis assessment in hepatitis C. J Magn Reson Imaging 2011;34(4):947–955. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
35. Colecchia A, Montrone L, Scaioli E, et al. Measurement of spleen stiffness to evaluate portal hypertension and the presence of esophageal varices in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2012;143(3):646–654. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
36. Ferraioli G, Tinelli C, Dal Bello B, et al. Accuracy of real-time shear wave elastography for assessing liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C: a pilot study. Hepatology 2012;56(6):2125–2133. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
37. Ferraioli G, Tinelli C, Lissandrin R, et al. Ultrasound point shear wave elastography assessment of liver and spleen stiffness: effect of training on repeatability of measurements. Eur Radiol 2014;24(6):1283–1289. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
38. Friedrich-Rust M, Nierhoff J, Lupsor M, et al. Performance of acoustic radiation force impulse imaging for the staging of liver fibrosis: a pooled meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat 2012;19(2):e212–e219. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
39. Salameh N, Larrat B, Abarca-Quinones J, et al. Early detection of steatohepatitis in fatty rat liver by using MR elastography. Radiology 2009;253(1):90–97. Link, Google Scholar
40. Sarvazyan AP, Rudenko OV, Swanson SD, Fowlkes JB, Emelianov SY. Shear wave elasticity imaging: a new ultrasonic technology of medical diagnostics. Ultrasound Med Biol 1998;24(9):1419–1435. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
41. Takuma Y, Nouso K, Morimoto Y, et al. Measurement of spleen stiffness by acoustic radiation force impulse imaging identifies cirrhotic patients with esophageal varices. Gastroenterology 2013;144(1):92–101, e2. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
42. Tsochatzis EA, Germani G, Dhillon AP, Burroughs AK. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis: the clinical context and question are important. Hepatology 2011;54(6):2276. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
43. Bruix J, Sherman M; Practice Guidelines Committee, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 2005;42(5):1208–1236. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
44. Sagir A, Erhardt A, Schmitt M, Häussinger D. Transient elastography is unreliable for detection of cirrhosis in patients with acute liver damage. Hepatology 2008;47(2):592–595. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
45. Millonig G, Friedrich S, Adolf S, et al. Liver stiffness is directly influenced by central venous pressure. J Hepatol 2010;52(2):206–210. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
46. Millonig G, Reimann FM, Friedrich S, et al. Extrahepatic cholestasis increases liver stiffness (FibroScan) irrespective of fibrosis. Hepatology 2008;48(5):1718–1723. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
47. Corpechot C, El Naggar A, Poupon R. Gender and liver: is the liver stiffness weaker in weaker sex? Hepatology 2006;44(2):513–514. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
48. Castéra L, Foucher J, Bernard PH, et al. Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: a 5-year prospective study of 13,369 examinations. Hepatology 2010;51(3):828–835. Medline, Google Scholar
49. Mederacke I, Wursthorn K, Kirschner J, et al. Food intake increases liver stiffness in patients with chronic or resolved hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int 2009;29(10):1500–1506. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
50. Horster S, Mandel P, Zachoval R, Clevert DA. Comparing acoustic radiation force impulse imaging to transient elastography to assess liver stiffness in healthy volunteers with and without valsalva manoeuvre. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2010;46(2-3):159–168. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
51. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Viral Hepatitis. http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/index.htm. Updated September 18, 2014. Accessed October 1, 2014. Google Scholar
52. Ong JP, Younossi ZM. Epidemiology and natural history of NAFLD and NASH. Clin Liver Dis 2007;11(1):1–16, vii. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
53. Anthony PP, Ishak KG, Nayak NC, Poulsen HE, Scheuer PJ, Sobin LH. The morphology of cirrhosis: definition, nomenclature, and classification. Bull World Health Organ 1977;55(4):521–540. Medline, Google Scholar
54. Standish RA, Cholongitas E, Dhillon A, Burroughs AK, Dhillon AP. An appraisal of the histopathological assessment of liver fibrosis. Gut 2006;55(4):569–578. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
55. Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Rafiq N, et al. Pathologic criteria for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: interprotocol agreement and ability to predict liver-related mortality. Hepatology 2011;53(6):1874–1882. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
56. European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2012;57(1):167–185. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
57. Myers RP, Ramji A, Bilodeau M, Wong S, Feld JJ. An update on the management of hepatitis C: consensus guidelines from the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver. Can J Gastroenterol 2012;26(6):359–375. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
58. Colloredo G, Guido M, Sonzogni A, Leandro G. Impact of liver biopsy size on histological evaluation of chronic viral hepatitis: the smaller the sample, the milder the disease. J Hepatol 2003;39(2):239–244. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
59. Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman ZD, Nelson RC, Smith AD; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Liver biopsy. Hepatology 2009;49(3):1017–1044. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
60. Garcia-Tsao G, Friedman S, Iredale J, Pinzani M. Now there are many (stages) where before there was one: in search of a pathophysiological classification of cirrhosis. Hepatology 2010;51(4):1445–1449. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
61. Tapper EB, Castera L, Afdhal NH. FibroScan (vibration-controlled transient elastography): where does it stand in the United States practice. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;13(1):27–36. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
62. Bota S, Herkner H, Sporea I, et al. Meta-analysis: ARFI elastography versus transient elastography for the evaluation of liver fibrosis. Liver Int 2013;33(8):1138–1147. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
63. Cassinotto C, Lapuyade B, Mouries A, et al. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis with impulse elastography: comparison of Supersonic shear imaging with ARFI and FibroScan. J Hepatol 2014;61(3):550–557. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
64. Rizzo L, Calvaruso V, Cacopardo B, et al. Comparison of transient elastography and acoustic radiation force impulse for non-invasive staging of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106(12):2112–2120. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
65. Ferraioli G, Filice C, Castera L, et al. WFUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography: Part 3: Liver. Ultrasound Med Biol 2015;41(5):1161–1179. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
66. Cosgrove D, Piscaglia F, Bamber J, et al. EFSUMB guidelines and recommendations on the clinical use of ultrasound elastography. Part 2: Clinical applications. Ultraschall Med 2013;34(3):238–253. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
67. European Association for Study of Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of hepatitis C virus infection. J Hepatol 2014;60(2):392–420. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
68. NICE medical technology scope: Virtual Touch Quantification to diagnose and monitor liver fibrosis. May 2014. Google Scholar
69. Sarri G, Westby M, Bermingham S, Hill-Cawthorne G, Thomas H; Guideline Development Group. Diagnosis and management of chronic hepatitis B in children, young people, and adults: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 2013;346:f3893. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
70. http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/gid-mt210/documents/virtual-touch-quantification-to-diagnose-and-monitor-liver-fibrosis-final-scope2. Accessed January 29, 2015. Google Scholar
71. Shiina T, Nightingale KR, Palmeri ML, et al. WFUMB guidelines and recommendations for clinical use of ultrasound elastography: Part 1: Basic principles and terminology. Ultrasound Med Biol 2015;41(5):1126–1147. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
72. Yun MH, Seo YS, Kang HS, et al. The effect of the respiratory cycle on liver stiffness values as measured by transient elastography. J Viral Hepat 2011;18(9):631–636. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
73. Procopet B, Berzigotti A, Abraldes JG, et al. Real-time shear-wave elastography: Applicability, reliability and accuracy for clinically significant portal hypertension. J Hepatol 2015;62(5):1068–1075. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
74. Boursier J, de Ledinghen V, Zarski JP, et al. Comparison of eight diagnostic algorithms for liver fibrosis in hepatitis C: new algorithms are more precise and entirely noninvasive. Hepatology 2012;55(1):58–67. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
75. Fahey BJ, Nightingale KR, Nelson RC, Palmeri ML, Trahey GE. Acoustic radiation force impulse imaging of the abdomen: demonstration of feasibility and utility. Ultrasound Med Biol 2005;31(9):1185–1198. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
76. Castera L, Forns X, Alberti A. Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transient elastography. J Hepatol 2008;48(5):835–847. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
77. Nobili V, Vizzutti F, Arena U, et al. Accuracy and reproducibility of transient elastography for the diagnosis of fibrosis in pediatric nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2008;48(2):442–448. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
78. Fraquelli M, Rigamonti C, Casazza G, et al. Reproducibility of transient elastography in the evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. Gut 2007;56(7):968–973. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
79. Serai SD, Yin M, Wang H, Ehman RL, Podberesky DJ. Cross-vendor validation of liver magnetic resonance elastography. Abdom Imaging 2015;40(4):789–794. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
80. Hall TJ, Milkowski A, Garra B, et al. RSNA/QIBA: Shear wave speed as a biomarker for liver fibrosis staging. Ultrasonics Symposium (IUS). 2013(2013):397–400. Google Scholar
81. Gaia S, Carenzi S, Barilli AL, et al. Reliability of transient elastography for the detection of fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic viral hepatitis. J Hepatol 2011;54(1):64–71. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
82. Yoneda M, Suzuki K, Kato S, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: US-based acoustic radiation force impulse elastography. Radiology 2010;256(2):640–647. Link, Google Scholar
83. Arena U, Vizzutti F, Abraldes JG, et al. Reliability of transient elastography for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2008;57(9):1288–1293. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
84. Castera L, Pawlotsky JM. Noninvasive diagnosis of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. MedGenMed 2005;7(4):39. Medline, Google Scholar
85. Fraquelli M, Rigamonti C, Casazza G, et al. Etiology-related determinants of liver stiffness values in chronic viral hepatitis B or C. J Hepatol 2011;54(4):621–628. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
86. Kirk GD, Astemborski J, Mehta SH, et al. Assessment of liver fibrosis by transient elastography in persons with hepatitis C virus infection or HIV–hepatitis C virus coinfection. Clin Infect Dis 2009;48(7):963–972. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
87. Lupşor M, Badea R, Stefănescu H, et al. Analysis of histopathological changes that influence liver stiffness in chronic hepatitis C. Results from a cohort of 324 patients. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2008;17(2):155–163. Medline, Google Scholar
88. Shaheen AA, Wan AF, Myers RP. FibroTest and FibroScan for the prediction of hepatitis C-related fibrosis: a systematic review of diagnostic test accuracy. Am J Gastroenterol 2007;102(11):2589–2600. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
89. Castéra L, Vergniol J, Foucher J, et al. Prospective comparison of transient elastography, Fibrotest, APRI, and liver biopsy for the assessment of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 2005;128(2):343–350. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
90. Ziol M, Handra-Luca A, Kettaneh A, et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2005;41(1):48–54. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
91. Friedrich-Rust M, Ong MF, Martens S, et al. Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 2008;134(4):960–974. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
92. Tsochatzis EA, Gurusamy KS, Ntaoula S, Cholongitas E, Davidson BR, Burroughs AK. Elastography for the diagnosis of severity of fibrosis in chronic liver disease: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. J Hepatol 2011;54(4):650–659. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
93. Chan HL, Wong GL, Tse CH, et al. Hepatitis B virus genotype C is associated with more severe liver fibrosis than genotype B. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009;7(12):1361–1366. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
94. Coco B, Oliveri F, Maina AM, et al. Transient elastography: a new surrogate marker of liver fibrosis influenced by major changes of transaminases. J Viral Hepat 2007;14(5):360–369. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
95. Degos F, Perez P, Roche B, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of FibroScan and comparison to liver fibrosis biomarkers in chronic viral hepatitis: a multicenter prospective study (the FIBROSTIC study). J Hepatol 2010;53(6):1013–1021. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
96. Marcellin P, Ziol M, Bedossa P, et al. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis by stiffness measurement in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Liver Int 2009;29(2):242–247. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
97. Oliveri F, Coco B, Ciccorossi P, et al. Liver stiffness in the hepatitis B virus carrier: a non-invasive marker of liver disease influenced by the pattern of transaminases. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14(40):6154–6162. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
98. Pineda JA, Recio E, Camacho A, et al. Liver stiffness as a predictor of esophageal varices requiring therapy in HIV/hepatitis C virus–coinfected patients with cirrhosis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009;51(4):445–449. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
99. Vergara S, Macías J, Rivero A, et al. The use of transient elastometry for assessing liver fibrosis in patients with HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45(8):969–974. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
100. Petta S, Cammà C, Di Marco V, et al. Hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance are associated with severe fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis caused by HBV or HCV infection. Liver Int 2011;31(4):507–515. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
101. Wong VW, Vergniol J, Wong GL, et al. Diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2010;51(2):454–462. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
102. Yoneda M, Yoneda M, Mawatari H, et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dig Liver Dis 2008;40(5):371–378. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
103. Corpechot C, El Naggar A, Poujol-Robert A, et al. Assessment of biliary fibrosis by transient elastography in patients with PBC and PSC. Hepatology 2006;43(5):1118–1124. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
104. Corpechot C, Carrat F, Poujol-Robert A, et al. Noninvasive elastography-based assessment of liver fibrosis progression and prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2012;56(1):198–208. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
105. Gómez-Domínguez E, Mendoza J, Rubio S, Moreno-Monteagudo JA, García-Buey L, Moreno-Otero R. Transient elastography: a valid alternative to biopsy in patients with chronic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24(3):513–518. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
106. Ganne-Carrié N, Ziol M, de Ledinghen V, et al. Accuracy of liver stiffness measurement for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver diseases. Hepatology 2006;44(6):1511–1517. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
107. Foucher J, Chanteloup E, Vergniol J, et al. Diagnosis of cirrhosis by transient elastography (FibroScan): a prospective study. Gut 2006;55(3):403–408. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
108. Mueller S, Seitz HK, Rausch V. Non-invasive diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20(40):14626–14641. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
109. Ferraioli G, Tinelli C, Lissandrin R, et al. Point shear wave elastography method for assessing liver stiffness. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20(16):4787–4796. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
110. D’Onofrio M, Gallotti A, Mucelli RP. Tissue quantification with acoustic radiation force impulse imaging: measurement repeatability and normal values in the healthy liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2010;195(1):132–136. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
111. Bota S, Sporea I, Sirli R, Popescu A, Danila M, Costachescu D. Intra- and interoperator reproducibility of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography—preliminary results. Ultrasound Med Biol 2012;38(7):1103–1108. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
112. Bavu E, Gennisson JL, Couade M, et al. Noninvasive in vivo liver fibrosis evaluation using supersonic shear imaging: a clinical study on 113 hepatitis C virus patients. Ultrasound Med Biol 2011;37(9):1361–1373. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
113. Singh S, Venkatesh SK, Wang Z, et al. Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance elastography in staging liver fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;13(3):440, e6. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
114. Chen J, Talwalkar JA, Yin Y, et al. Assessment of clinical effectiveness of MR elastography and vibration-controlled transient elastography for detecting hepatic fibrosis. Hepatology 2014;60(4):204A–205A. Crossref, Google Scholar
115. Boursier J, Konaté A, Gorea G, et al. Reproducibility of liver stiffness measurement by ultrasonographic elastometry. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6(11):1263–1269. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
116. Sporea I, Şirli R, Popescu A, et al. Is it better to use two elastographic methods for liver fibrosis assessment? World J Gastroenterol 2011;17(33):3824–3829. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar
117. Sporea I, Sirli R, Bota S, Popescu A, Sendroiu M, Jurchis A. Comparative study concerning the value of acoustic radiation force impulse elastography (ARFI) in comparison with transient elastography (TE) for the assessment of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. Ultrasound Med Biol 2012;38(8):1310–1316. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar

Article History

Received March 14, 2015; revision requested April 10; revision received April 22; accepted April 30; final version accepted May 8.
Published online: June 16 2015
Published in print: Sept 2015

Vol. 276, No. 3

Supplemental Material

Funding/Support

Supported by the Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Foundation.

Abbreviations

Abbreviations:
ARFI	acoustic radiation force impulse
AUROC	area under the receiver operating characteristic curve
HBV	hepatitis B virus
HCC	hepatocellular carcinoma
HCV	hepatitis C virus
IQR	interquartile ratio
NAFLD	nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
pSWE	point quantification SWE
ROI	region of interest
SWE	shear wave elastography
TE	transient elastography
2D	two-dimensional

Metrics

Altmetric Score

PDF download