Sequential computed tomographic scanning was performed in patients with neck tumors after contrast material administration. For data analysis, a pharmacokinetic two-compartment model was employed that takes into account both capillary blood supply and bidirectional diffusion of the contrast agent across the capillary wall. This approach offers the possibility to quantitatively characterize tissue microcirculation with regional blood flow, capillary permeability, and relative compartmental volumes.

References

  • 1 Axel L. Cerebral blood flow determination by rapid-sequence computed tomography. Radiology 1980; 137: 679-686. LinkGoogle Scholar
  • 2 Berninger WH, Axel L, Norman D, Napel S, Redington RW. Functional imaging of the brain using computed tomography. Radiology 1981; 138: 711-716. LinkGoogle Scholar
  • 3 Norman D, Axel L, Berninger WJ, et al. Dynamic computed tomography of the brain: techniques, data analysis and applications. AJR 1981; 136: 759-770. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 4 Hopper JL, Davis SD, Tress BM, Kaye AH, Rossiter SC, Derrick PL. Analysis of dynamic computed tomography scan brain images. Invest Radiol 1987; 22: 651-657. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 5 Nambu K, Takehara R, Terada T. A method of regional cerebral blood perfusion measurement using dynamic CT with an iodinated contrast medium. Acta Neurol Scand 1996; 166: (suppl)28-31. Google Scholar
  • 6 Rosen BR, Belliveau JW, Chien D. Perfusion imaging by nuclear magnetic resonance. Magn Reson Q 1989; 5: 263-281. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 7 Rempp K, Brix G, Wenz F, Becker C, Gückel F, Lorenz WJ. Quantitative assessment of cerebral blood flow and volume by dynamic susceptibility enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 1994; 193: 637-641. LinkGoogle Scholar
  • 8 Ostergaard L, Weiskoff RM, Chesler DA, Gyldensted C, Rosen BR. High resolution measurements of cerebral blood flow using intravascular tracer bolus passages. I. Mathematical approach and statistical analysis. Magn Reson Med 1996; 36: 715-725. Google Scholar
  • 9 Schreiber W, Gückel F, Stritzke P, Schmiedek P, Schwarz A, Brix G. Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reserve capacity: absolute quantification by dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1998; 18: 1143-1156. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 10 Miles KA. Measurement of tissue perfusion by dynamic computed tomography. Br J Radiol 1991; 64: 409-412. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 11 Peters AM, Gunasekera RD, Henderson BL, et al. Non-invasive measurements of blood flow and extraction fraction. Nucl Med Commun 1987; 8: 823-837. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 12 Blomley MJK, Coulden R, Bufkin C, Lipton MJ, Dawson P. Contrast bolus dynamic computed tomography for the measurement of solid organ perfusion. Invest Radiol 1993; 28(suppl): S72-S77. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 13 Miles KA, Hayball MP, Dixon AK. Functional images of hepatic perfusion obtained with dynamic CT. Radiology 1993; 188: 405-411. LinkGoogle Scholar
  • 14 Miles KA, Hayball MP, Dixon AK. Measurement of human pancreatic perfusion using dynamic computed tomography with perfusion imaging. Br J Radiol 1995; 68: 471-475. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 15 Jain RK. Determinants of tumor blood flow: a review. Cancer Res 1988; 48: 2641-2658. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 16 Jain RK. Transport of molecules across tumor vasculature. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1987; 6: 559-593. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 17 Jain RK. Transport of molecules in the tumor interstitium: a review. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 3039-3051. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 18 Kalender W, Schmidt B, Zanki M, Schmidt M. A PC program for estimating dose and effective dose values in computed tomography. Eur Radiol ; (in press). Google Scholar
  • 19 Crosbie RE, Hayes W. Variable-step integration methods for simulation applications. Appl Math Modeling 1976; 1: 137-140. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 20 Sparks LE. Variable step size Runge-Kutta technique for solving initial value problems. Access 1983; Jan/Feb: 30-34. Google Scholar
  • 21 Gaehtgens P. Physiologie des lutes. In: Deetjem P, Speckmann EJ, eds. Physiologie. Munich, Germany: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1992; 261-290. Google Scholar
  • 22 Cooper KE, Edholm OG, Mottram RF. The blood flow in skin and muscle of the human forearm. J Physiol 1955; 128: 258-268. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 23 Weber F, Anlauf M, Serdarevic M. Noninvasive, quantitative determination of muscle blood flow in man by a combination of venous-occlusion plethysmography and computed tomography. Basic Res Cardiol 1988; 83: 327-341. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 24 Burchert W, Schellong S, van den Hoff J, Meyer GJ, Alexander K, Hundeshagen H. Oxygen-15–water PET assessment of muscular blood flow in peripheral vascular disease. J Nucl Med 1996; 37: 93-98. Google Scholar
  • 25 Ruotsalainen U, Raitakari M, Nuutila P, et al. Quantitative blood flow measurement of skeletal muscle using oxygen-15–water and PET. J Nucl Med 1997; 38: 314-319. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 26 Kairento AL, Brownell GL, Schluederberg J, Elmaleh DR. Regional blood-flow measurements in rabbit soft-tissue tumor with positron imaging using the C15O2 steady-state and labeled microspheres. J. Nucl Med 1983; 24: 1135-1142. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 27 Senda M, Fischman AJ, Weise S, et al. Regional perfusion, oxygen metabolism, blood volume and immunoglobulin G accumulation at focal sites of infection in rabbits. Eur J Nucl Med 1992; 19: 166-172. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 28 Sachs L. Angewandte statistik 7th ed. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1992; 338. Google Scholar
  • 29 Tofts PA, Kermode AG. Measurement of the blood-brain barrier permeability and leakage space using dynamic MR imaging. I. Fundamental concepts. Magn Reson Med 1991; 17: 357-367. Google Scholar
  • 30 Tofts PS, Berkowitz B, Schnall MD. Quantitative analysis of dynamic Gd-DTPA enhancement in breast tumors using a permeability model. Magn Reson Med 1995; 33: 564-568. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 31 Brix G, Semmler W, Port R, Schad LR, Layer G, Lorenz WJ. Pharmacokinetic parameters in CNS Gd-DTPA enhanced MR imaging. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1991; 15: 621-628. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 32 Hoffmann U, Brix G, Knopp MV, Hess T, Lorenz WJ. Pharmacokinetic mapping of the breast: a new method for dynamic MR mammography. Magn Reson Med 1995; 33: 506-514. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 33 Pugh ND, Hutcheson IR, Edwards DH, Nossen JO, Karlsson JO, Griffith TM. Angiographic contrast media relax isolated rabbit aorta through an endothelium-independent mechanism that may not depend on the presence of the iodine atom. Br J Radiol 1995; 68: 23-26. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 34 Szolar DH, Saeed M, Flueckiger F, et al. Effects of iopromide on vasoactive peptides and allergy-mediated substances in healthy volunteers. Invest Radiol 1995; 30: 144-149. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 35 O'Connor SW, Bale WF. Accessibility of circulating immunoglobulin G to the extravascular compartments of solid rat tumors. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 3719-3723. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 36 Gullino PM, Grantham FH, Smith SH. The interstitial water space of tumors. Cancer Res 1965; 25: 727-731. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 37 Vaupel P, Schlenger K, Hoeckel M. Blood flow and tissue oxygenation of human tumors: an update. Adv Exp Med Biol 1992; 317: 139-151. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 38 Wheeler RH, Ziessman HA, Medvec BR, et al. Tumor blood flow and systemic shunting in patients receiving intraarterial chemotherapy for head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 4200-4204. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 39 Hermans R, Lambin P, van den Bogaert W, Haustermans K, Van der Goten A, Baert AL. Non-invasive tumor perfusion measurement by dynamic CT: preliminary results. Radiother Oncol 1997; 44: 159-162. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 40 Jain RK. Mass and heat transfer in tumors. Adv Transport Proc 1984; 3: 205-339. Google Scholar
  • 41 Gerlowski LE, Jain RK. Microvascular permeability of normal and neoplastic tissues. Microvasc Res 1986; 31: 288-305. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 42 Vaupel P. Physiological properties of malignant tumours. NMR Biomedicine 1992; 5: 220-225. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 43 Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis. Adv Cancer Res 1985; 43: 175-203. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 44 Folkman J. What is the evidence that tumors are angiogenesis dependent?. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 4-6. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 45 Folkman J. Intratumoral microvessel density as a prognostic factor in cancer. Am J Pathol 1995; 147: 9-19. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 46 Vaupel P, Kallinowski F, Okunieff P. Blood flow, oxygen and nutrient supply, and metabolic microenvironment of human tumors. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 6449-6465. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 47 Weidner N, Joseph PS, William RW, Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis and metastases: correlation in invasive breast carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1-8. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 48 Toi M, Kashitani J, Tominaga T. Tumor angiogenesis is an independent prognostic indicator in primary breast cancer. Int J Cancer 1993; 55: 371-374. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 49 Hayes DF. Angiogenesis and breast cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1994; 8: 51-71. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 50 Knopp MV, Brix G, Junkermann HJ, Sinn HP. MR mammography with pharmacokinetic mapping for monitoring of breast cancer treatment during neoadjuvant therapy. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 1994; 2: 633-658. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 51 Hawighorst H, Knapstein PG, Weikel W, et al. Angiogenesis of uterine cervical carcinoma: characterization by pharmacokinetic magnetic resonance parameters and histological microvessel density with correlation to lymphatic involvement. Cancer Res 1997; 457: 4777-4786. Google Scholar
  • 52 Overgaard J. Importance of tumor hypoxia in radiotherapy: a metaanalysis of controlled clinical trials. (abstr). Radiother Oncol 1992; 24(suppl): S64. Crossref, MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 53 Horvath AS, Schreiber WG, Hoffmann U, Knopp MV, Hawighorst H, Brix G. A pharmacokinetic model for quantification of the perfusion rate and capillary permeability from dynamic T1-weighted MRI (abstr) In: Proceedings of the Sixth meeting of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Berkeley, Calif: International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, 1998; 178. Google Scholar
  • 54 Roberts TPL. Physiologic measurements by contrast-enhanced MR imaging: expectations and limitations. JMRI 1997; 7: 82-90. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
  • 55 Gjedde A. Tracer kinetics. In: Wagner H, Szabo Z, Buchanan JW, eds. Principles of nuclear medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders, 1995; 451-461. Google Scholar
  • 56 Kety SS. The theory and applications of the exchange of inert gas at the lungs and tissues. Pharmacol Rev 1951; 3: 1-41. MedlineGoogle Scholar
  • 57 Morales MF, Smith RE. On the theory of blood-tissue exchange of inert gases. VI. Validity of approximate uptake expressions. Bull Math Biophys 1948; 10: 191-200. Google Scholar

Article History

Accepted: July 20 1998
Received: Jan 28 1998
Revision received: Mar 06 1998
Revision received: May 21 1998
Published in print: Jan 1999