American Joint Committee on Cancer’s Staging System for Breast Cancer, Eighth Edition: What the Radiologist Needs to Know

References

• 1. Amin MB, Greene FL, Edge SB, et al. The Eighth Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more “personalized” approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67(2):93–99.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 2. Plichta JK, Campbell BM, Mittendorf EA, Hwang ES. Anatomy and breast cancer staging: is it still relevant? Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2018;27(1):51–67.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 3. Hortobagyi GN, Connolly JL, D’Orsi CJ, et al. Breast. In: Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, et al, eds; American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2017; 589–636. https://cancerstaging.org/references-tools/deskreferences/Documents/AJCC%208th%20Edition%20Breast%20Cancer%20Staging%20System.pdf. Last updated March 13, 2018. Accessed May 14, 2018.
  Google Scholar
• 4. Giuliano AE, Connolly JL, Edge SB, et al. Breast cancer: major changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67(4):290–303.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 5. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN guidelines. National Comprehensive Cancer Network website. https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/default.aspx. Accessed February 19, 2018.
  Google Scholar
• 6. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER). Table 4.13: cancer of the female breast (invasive)—5-year relative and period survival by race, diagnosis year, age and stage at diagnosis. In: SEER cancer statistics review (CSR) 1975-2014. SEER website. https://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/browse_csr.php?sectionSEL=4&pageSEL=sect_04_table.13.html. Accessed February 19, 2018.
  Google Scholar
• 7. Giuliano AE, McCall L, Beitsch P, et al. Locoregional recurrence after sentinel lymph node dissection with or without axillary dissection in patients with sentinel lymph node metastases: the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0011 randomized trial. Ann Surg 2010;252(3):426–432; discussion 432–433.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 8. Moy L, Newell MS, Mahoney MC, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria stage I breast cancer: initial workup and surveillance for local recurrence and distant metastases in asymptomatic women. J Am Coll Radiol 2016;13(11 suppl):e43–e52. https://www.jacr.org/article/S1546-1440(16)30932-2/fulltext. Published November 2016.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 9. Schwartz AM, Henson DE, Chen D, Rajamarthandan S. Histologic grade remains a prognostic factor for breast cancer regardless of the number of positive lymph nodes and tumor size: a study of 161 708 cases of breast cancer from the SEER Program. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2014;138(8): 1048–1052.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 10. Hammond ME, Hayes DF, Dowsett M, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical testing of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(16):2784–2795.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 11. Davies C, Godwin J, Gray R, et al; Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Relevance of breast cancer hormone receptors and other factors to the efficacy of adjuvant tamoxifen: patient-level meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2011;378(9793):771–784.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 12. Slamon DJ, Clark GM, Wong SG, Levin WJ, Ullrich A, McGuire WL. Human breast cancer: correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science 1987;235(4785):177–182.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 13. Ross JS, Slodkowska EA, Symmans WF, Pusztai L, Ravdin PM, Hortobagyi GN. The HER-2 receptor and breast cancer: ten years of targeted anti-HER-2 therapy and personalized medicine. Oncologist 2009;14(4):320–368.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 14. Rosenthal SI, Depowski PL, Sheehan CE, Ross JS. Comparison of HER-2/neu oncogene amplification detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization in lobular and ductal breast cancer. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2002;10(1):40–46.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 15. Slamon D, Eiermann W, Robert N, et al. Adjuvant trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2011;365(14):1273–1283.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 16. Voduc KD, Cheang MC, Tyldesley S, Gelmon K, Nielsen TO, Kennecke H. Breast cancer subtypes and the risk of local and regional relapse. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(10): 1684–1691.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 17. Mostert B, Sieuwerts AM, Kraan J, et al. Gene expression profiles in circulating tumor cells to predict prognosis in metastatic breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol 2015;26(3):510–516.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 18. Cristofanilli M, Budd GT, Ellis MJ, et al. Circulating tumor cells, disease progression, and survival in metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2004;351(8):781–791.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 19. Rack B, Schindlbeck C, Jückstock J, et al. Circulating tumor cells predict survival in early average-to-high risk breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014;106(5). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4112925/pdf/dju066.pdf. Published online May 15, 2014.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 20. Xin L, Liu YH, Martin TA, Jiang WG. The era of multigene panels comes? the clinical utility of Oncotype DX and MammaPrint. World J Oncol 2017;8(2):34–40.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 21. Goncalves R, Bose R. Using multigene tests to select treatment for early-stage breast cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2013;11(2):174–182; quiz 182.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 22. Sparano JA, Gray RJ, Makower DF, et al. Prospective validation of a 21-gene expression assay in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2015;373(21):2005–2014.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 23. Harris LN, Ismaila N, McShane LM, et al. Use of biomarkers to guide decisions on adjuvant systemic therapy for women with early-stage invasive breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Oncol 2016;34(10):1134–1150.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 24. Cserni G, Chmielik E, Cserni B, Tot T. The new TNM-based staging of breast cancer. Virchows Arch 2018;472(5):697–703.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 25. Abdel-Rahman O. Validation of the 8th AJCC prognostic staging system for breast cancer in a population-based setting. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018;168(1):269–275.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 26. Hu H, Wei W, Yi X, Xin L, Liu Y. A retrospective analysis of clinical utility of AJCC 8th edition cancer staging system for breast cancer. World J Oncol 2017;8(3):71–75.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 27. Mittendorf EA, Chavez-MacGregor M, Vila J, et al. Bioscore: a staging system for breast cancer patients that reflects the prognostic significance of underlying tumor biology. Ann Surg Oncol 2017;24(12):3502–3509.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 28. Xu L, Li JH, Ye JM, et al. A retrospective survival analysis of anatomic and prognostic stage group based on the American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th Edition Cancer Staging Manual in luminal B human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2017;130(16):1945–1952.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 29. Ye J, Wang W, Xu L, et al. A retrospective prognostic evaluation analysis using the 8th edition of American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) cancer staging system for luminal A breast cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2017;29(4): 351–360.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 30. Zhou B, Xu L, Ye J, Xin L, Duan X, Liu Y. The prognostic value of the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system in HER2-enriched subtype breast cancer: a retrospective analysis. Anticancer Res 2017;37(8):4615–4621.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 31. Lee SB, Sohn G, Kim J, et al. A retrospective prognostic evaluation analysis using the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018;169(2):257–266.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 32. Wang M, Chen H, Wu K, Ding A, Zhang M, Zhang P. Evaluation of the prognostic stage in the 8th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer in locally advanced breast cancer: an analysis based on SEER 18 database. Breast 2018;37:56–63.
  Medline Google Scholar
• 33. Weiss A, Chavez-MacGregor M, Lichtensztajn DY, et al. Validation study of the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition prognostic stage compared with the anatomic stage in breast cancer. JAMA Oncol 2018;4(2):203–209.
  Medline Google Scholar