Articular Cartilage in the Knee: Current MR Imaging Techniques and Applications in Clinical Practice and Research | RadioGraphics

Published Online:Jan 19 2011https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.311105084

Abstract

The multitude of MR imaging techniques available for assessing the structure and composition of articular cartilage in the knee are described, and their current applications in clinical practice and clinical research are discussed.

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the most important imaging modality for the evaluation of traumatic or degenerative cartilaginous lesions in the knee. It is a powerful noninvasive tool for detecting such lesions and monitoring the effects of pharmacologic and surgical therapy. The specific MR imaging techniques used for these purposes can be divided into two broad categories according to their usefulness for morphologic or compositional evaluation. To assess the structure of knee cartilage, standard spin-echo (SE) and gradient-recalled echo (GRE) sequences, fast SE sequences, and three-dimensional SE and GRE sequences are available. These techniques allow the detection of morphologic defects in the articular cartilage of the knee and are commonly used in research for semiquantitative and quantitative assessments of cartilage. To evaluate the collagen network and proteoglycan content in the knee cartilage matrix, compositional assessment techniques such as T2 mapping, delayed gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of cartilage (or dGEMRIC), T1ρ imaging, sodium imaging, and diffusion-weighted imaging are available. These techniques may be used in various combinations and at various magnetic field strengths in clinical and research settings to improve the characterization of changes in cartilage.

©RSNA, 2011

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Article History

Received: Apr 7 2010
Revision requested: May 24 2010
Revision received: July 9 2010
Revision received: July 26 2010
Published online: Jan 19 2011
Published in print: Jan 2011

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- Development of an advanced cell therapy product indicated for the treatment of gonarthrosis
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- Regional Articular Cartilage Abnormalities of the Hip
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- Post-Traumatic Arthritis
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  2015
- MRI of the Knee
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- MRI-Arthroscopy Correlations
  Mark W.Anderson
  2015
- Nuclear Medicine and Radiologic Imaging in Sports Injuries
  Charlotte M.Nusman, Gino M.Kerkhoffs, MarioMaas
  2015
- DIAGNOSTIC SENSITIVITY OF RADIOGRAPHY, ULTRASONOGRAPHY, AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR DETECTING SHOULDER OSTEOCHONDROSIS/OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS IN DOGS
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- Simultaneous acquisition of T1ρand T2quantification in knee cartilage: Repeatability and diurnal variation
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- Hip Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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  2014 | Skeletal Radiology, Vol. 43, No. 4
- The role of imaging in osteoarthritis
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  2014 | Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology, Vol. 28, No. 1
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  2014 | European Journal of Radiology, Vol. 83, No. 5
- 90°-Flip-angle three-dimensional double-echo steady-state (3D-DESS) magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: Isovoxel cartilage imaging at 3T
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  2014 | European Journal of Radiology, Vol. 83, No. 8
- Whole joint MRI assessment of surgical cartilage repair of the knee: Cartilage Repair OsteoArthritis Knee Score (CROAKS)
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- The role of imaging in early hip OA
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- 2D and 3D MOCART scoring systems assessed by 9.4 T high-field MRI correlate with elementary and complex histological scoring systems in a translational model of osteochondral repair
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  2014 | Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Vol. 22, No. 10
- Cartilage and Soft Tissue Imaging Using X-rays
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- T2* Mapping of Articular Cartilage
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- Effect of Age-Related Cartilage Turnover on Serum C-Telopeptide of Collagen Type II and Osteocalcin Levels in Growing Rabbits with and without Surgically Induced Osteoarthritis
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  2014 | BioMed Research International, Vol. 2014
- Cartilage Repair Surgery: Outcome Evaluation by Using Noninvasive Cartilage Biomarkers Based on Quantitative MRI Techniques?
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- Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation for Treating Patellar Chondral Injuries
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  2014 | Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol. 96, No. 10
- The Patellofemoral Joint
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- Effect of Chondral Defect Size, Shape, and Location on MRI Diagnostic Performance in the Porcine Knee
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  2014 | Orthopedics, Vol. 37, No. 4
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- T 2 relaxation time measurements are limited in monitoring progression, once advanced cartilage defects at the knee occur: Longitudinal data from the osteoarthritis initiative
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- Association of Metabolic Risk Factors With Cartilage Degradation Assessed by T2 Relaxation Time at the Knee: Data From the Osteoarthritis Initiative
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- Knee Derangements: Comparison of Isotropic 3D Fast Spin-Echo, Isotropic 3D Balanced Fast Field-Echo, and Conventional 2D Fast Spin-Echo MR Imaging
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  , ,
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- FEASIBILITY FOR MAPPING CARTILAGE T1 RELAXATION TIMES IN THE DISTAL METACARPUS3/METATARSUS3 OF THOROUGHBRED RACEHORSES USING DELAYED GADOLINIUM‐ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CARTILAGE ( d GEMRIC): NORMAL CADAVER STUDY
  AnnCarstens, Robert M.Kirberger, MarkVelleman, Leif E.Dahlberg, LizelleFletcher, EveliinaLammentausta
  2 April 2013 | Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound, Vol. 54, No. 4
- Musculoskeletal Diseases 2013–2016
  DanielGeiger, Eric Y.Chang, Christine B.Chung
  2013
- Musculoskeletal Diseases 2013–2016
  David A.Rubin, MarioMaas
  2013
- Comparison of 1.5- and 3-T MR imaging for evaluating the articular cartilage of the knee
  PieterVan Dyck, ChristophKenis, Filip M.Vanhoenacker, ValérieLambrecht, KristienWouters, Jan L.Gielen, LievenDossche, Paul M.Parizel
  2013 | Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
- Radiologic analysis of femoral acetabular impingement: from radiography to MRI
  Jerry R.Dwek, ShafaghMonazzam, Christine B.Chung
  2013 | Pediatric Radiology, Vol. 43, No. S1
- Association of trochlear dysplasia with degenerative abnormalities in the knee: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative
  Pia M.Jungmann, Seng-ChoeTham, HansLiebl, Michael C.Nevitt, Charles E.McCulloch, JohnLynch, Thomas M.Link
  2013 | Skeletal Radiology, Vol. 42, No. 10
- Musculoskeletal Imaging
  B.J.Manaster, David A.May, David G.Disler
  2013
- Musculoskeletal Imaging
  B.J.Manaster, David A.May, David G.Disler
  2013
- Quantitative MRI of the ACL-Injured and Reconstructed Knee
  Jong-MinKim, C. BenjaminMa
  2013 | Clinics in Sports Medicine, Vol. 32, No. 1
- T1ρ is superior to T2 mapping for the evaluation of articular cartilage denaturalization with osteoarthritis: Radiological–pathological correlation after total knee arthroplasty
  YukihisaTakayama, MasamitsuHatakenaka, HidetoshiTsushima, KenOkazaki, TakashiYoshiura, MasatoYonezawa, KeiNishikawa, YukihideIwamoto, HiroshiHonda
  2013 | European Journal of Radiology, Vol. 82, No. 4
- T1ρ and T2 relaxation times predict progression of knee osteoarthritis
  A.P.Prasad, L.Nardo, J.Schooler, G.B.Joseph, T.M.Link
  2013 | Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Vol. 21, No. 1
- Cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation time as non-invasive biomarker for knee osteoarthritis and cartilage repair procedures
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  2013 | Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Vol. 21, No. 10
- MRI T2 mapping sequence concordance with CT-arthrography for knee cartilaginous lesions in traumatic and degenerative lesions
  B.Dallaudière, R.Dautry, A.Perozziello, J.Manelfe, P.Loriaut, A.Larbi, G.Paris, A.Silvestre, P.Koch, P.Boyer, E.Schouman-Claeys, V.Bousson, J.-D.Laredo
  2013 | Journal de Traumatologie du Sport, Vol. 30, No. 3
- Mechanism of disease in early osteoarthritis: application of modern MR imaging techniques — a technical report
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  2013 | Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 31, No. 1
- Imaging of Osteoarthritis
  AliGuermazi, DaichiHayashi, FelixEckstein, David J.Hunter, JeffDuryea, Frank W.Roemer
  2013 | Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, Vol. 39, No. 1
- Osteoarthritis
  AliGuermazi, DaichiHayashi, Frank W.Roemer, David T.Felson
  2013 | Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, Vol. 39, No. 3
- Cartilage Imaging: A Review of Current Concepts and Emerging Technologies
  Alan D.Rogers, Jason E.Payne, Joseph S.Yu
  2013 | Seminars in Roentgenology, Vol. 48, No. 2
- Monitoring Cartilage Tissue Engineering Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Imaging, and Elastography
  MrignayaniKotecha, DieterKlatt, Richard L.Magin
  2013 | Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews, Vol. 19, No. 6
- Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis With Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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  2013 | Transplantation, Vol. 95, No. 12
- Computer-Aided Diagnosis in Phase Contrast Imaging X-Ray Computed Tomography for Quantitative Characterization of ex vivo Human Patellar Cartilage
  Mahesh B.Nagarajan, PaolaCoan, Markus B.Huber, Paul C.Diemoz, ChristianGlaser, AxelWismuller
  2013 | IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 60, No. 10
- Magnetic resonance imaging of the immature skeleton
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  2013 | Acta Radiologica, Vol. 54, No. 9
- Is Magnetic Resonance Imaging Reliable in Predicting Clinical Outcome After Articular Cartilage Repair of the Knee?
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  2013 | The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 41, No. 7
- Current concepts of the management of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in children
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  2013 | The Bone & Joint Journal, Vol. 95-B, No. 11
- Delayed Gadolinium-Enhanced MRI of Cartilage (dGEMRIC) Shows No Change in Cartilage Structural Composition after Viscosupplementation in Patients with Early-Stage Knee Osteoarthritis
  Jaspervan Tiel, MaxReijman, Pieter K.Bos, JobHermans, Gerben M.van Buul, Esther E.Bron, StefanKlein, Jan A. N.Verhaar, Gabriel P.Krestin, Sita M. A.Bierma-Zeinstra, HarrieWeinans, GyulaKotek, Edwin H. G.Oei, DominiqueHeymann
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- Signo de la línea negra: fisura del cartílago troclear por resonancia magnética
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- Uniform magnetization transfer in chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging
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  2013 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 3, No. 1
- Geriatric Imaging
  DaichiHayashi, Frank W.Roemer, MohamedJarraya, AliGuermazi
  2013
- Three-dimensional turbo spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and semiquantitative assessment of knee osteoarthritis: comparison with two-dimensional routine MRI
  M.D.Crema, M.H.Nogueira-Barbosa, F.W.Roemer, M.D.Marra, J.Niu, F.A.Chagas-Neto, E.Gregio-Junior, A.Guermazi
  2013 | Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Vol. 21, No. 3
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of articular cartilage of the knee using ultrashort echo time (uTE) sequences with spiral acquisition
  HajimuGoto, MasahikoFujii, YukiIwama, NobukazuAoyama, YoshiharuOhno, KazuroSugimura
  25 May 2012 | Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Vol. 56, No. 3
- Encyclopedia of Magnetic Resonance
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- The Epidemiology of Aging
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- Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance arthrography and computed tomography for the detection of chondral lesions of the knee
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  2012 | Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, Vol. 20, No. 12
- 3-T MRI assessment of osteophyte formation in patients with unilateral anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction
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  2012 | Skeletal Radiology, Vol. 41, No. 12
- CT arthrography of the human knee to measure cartilage quality with low radiation dose
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- T2∗ mapping of hip joint cartilage in various histological grades of degeneration
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  2012 | Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Vol. 20, No. 7
- Medical Imaging
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- Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate in the repair of osteochondral defects in dogs - clinical-radiographic analysis
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- Feasibility of Mapping T2 Relaxation Time in the Pediatric Metacarpal Head With a 3-T MRI System
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- Practical Application of Iterative Decomposition of Water and Fat with Echo Asymmetry and Least-Squares Estimation (IDEAL) Imaging in Minimizing Metallic Artifacts
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- Comparison of MRI T2 Relaxation Changes of Knee Articular Cartilage before and after Running between Young and Old Amateur Athletes
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  4 May 2011 | RadioGraphics, Vol. 31, No. 3
- Invited Commentary
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- The evolution of articular cartilage imaging and its impact on clinical practice
  Carl S.Winalski, PrabhakarRajiah
  2011 | Skeletal Radiology, Vol. 40, No. 9
- MR Imaging of ACL Injuries in Pediatric and Adolescent Patients
  Victor M.Ho-Fung, CamiloJaimes, DiegoJaramillo
  2011 | Clinics in Sports Medicine, Vol. 30, No. 4
- Epidemiology should not be forgotten in osteoarthritis imaging
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  2011 | Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Vol. 19, No. 9
- Clinically applied CT arthrography to measure the sulphated glycosaminoglycan content of cartilage
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  2011 | Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Vol. 19, No. 10
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Knee Osteoarthritis Research: Semiquantitative and Compositional Assessment
  Michel D.Crema, Frank W.Roemer, AliGuermazi
  2011 | Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, Vol. 19, No. 2
- Imaging of osteoarthritis
  AliGuermazi, Frank W.Roemer, DaichiHayashi
  2011 | Current Opinion in Rheumatology, Vol. 23, No. 5
- Cartilage Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques at 3 T
  Rashmi S.Thakkar, TySubhawong, John A.Carrino, AvneeshChhabra
  2011 | Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 22, No. 2
- The Clinical Utility and Diagnostic Performance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Identification of Early and Advanced Knee Osteoarthritis
  Carmen E.Quatman, Carolyn M.Hettrich, Laura C.Schmitt, Kurt P.Spindler
  2011 | The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 39, No. 7
- Why radiography should no longer be considered a surrogate outcome measure for longitudinal assessment of cartilage in knee osteoarthritis
  AliGuermazi, Frank WRoemer, DeborahBurstein, DaichiHayashi
  2011 | Arthritis Research & Therapy, Vol. 13, No. 6
- Advanced MRI of articular cartilage
  Hillary JBraun, Garry EGold
  2011 | Imaging in Medicine, Vol. 3, No. 5
- Cartilage Repair and Joint Preservation
  HenningMadry, Ulrich WolfgangGrün, GunnarKnutsen
  2011 | Deutsches Ärzteblatt international
- Imaging Cartilage Physiology
  ArijittBorthakur, RavinderReddy
  2010 | Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. 21, No. 5
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